Coluracetam enhances high-affinity choline uptake (HACU), which is the rate-limiting step of acetylcholine (ACh) synthesis. This process essentially allows acetylcholine to accumulate at higher levels than normal. As acetylcholine is involved in the function of memory, this could potentially account for its nootropic effects.
In comparison to the effects of other nootropics such as noopept, this compound can be described as focusing primarily on physical stimulation over that of cognitive stimulation.
The toxicity and long-exact toxic dosage is unknown. This is because coluracetam has very little history of human use. Anecdotal evidence from people who have tried coluracetam within the community suggests that there do not seem to be any negative health effects attributed to simply trying this drug at low to moderate doses by itself and using it sparingly (but nothing can be completely guaranteed).
It is strongly recommended that one use harm reduction practices when using this substance.
-not addictive with a low potential for abuse. It does not appear to be capable of causing psychological dependence among certain users.develops with prolonged and repeated use. This results in users having to administer increasingly large doses to achieve the same effects. After that,3 - 71 - 2 weeks to be back at baseline (in the absence of further consumption). Coluracetam may presents cross-tolerance with Cross-all racetam nootropics, meaning that after the consumption of Coluracetam certain nootropics such as aniracetam and piracetam may have a reduced effect.
Coluracetam, being a member of the racetam family, currently is legally available to buy and sell in most countries, but may still vary by region.
United Kingdom** - Coluracetam and other racetams are prescription-only drugs; however, there is no penalty for possession or importing them.
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Akaike, A., Maeda, T., Kaneko, S., & Tamura, Y. (1998). Protective Effect of MKC-231, a Novel High Affinity Choline Uptake Enhancer, on Glutamate Cytotoxicity in Cultured Cortical Neurons. The Japanese Journal of Pharmacology, 76(2), 219–222. https://doi.org/10.1254/jjp.76.219
Shirayama, Y., Yamamoto, A., Nishimura, T., Katayama, S., & Kawahara, R. (2007). Subsequent exposure to the choline uptake enhancer MKC-231 antagonizes phencyclidine-induced behavioral deficits and reduction in septal cholinergic neurons in rats. European Neuropsychopharmacology, 17(9), 616–626. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.euroneuro.2007.02.011
Bessho, T., Takashina, K., Eguchi, J., Komatsu, T., & Saito, K. I. (2008). MKC-231, a choline-uptake enhancer: (1) Long-lasting cognitive improvement after repeated administration in AF64A-treated rats. Journal of Neural Transmission, 115(7), 1019–1025. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00702-008-0053-4
Takashina, K., Bessho, T., Mori, R., Eguchi, J., & Saito, K. I. (2008). MKC-231, a choline uptake enhancer: (2) Effect on synthesis and release of acetylcholine in AF64A-treated rats. Journal of Neural Transmission, 115(7), 1027–1035. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00702-008-0048-1
Takashina, K., Bessho, T., Mori, R., Kawai, K., Eguchi, J., & Saito, K. I. (2008). MKC-231, a choline uptake enhancer: (3) Mode of action of MKC-231 in the enhancement of high-affinity choline uptake. Journal of Neural Transmission, 115(7), 1037–1046. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00702-008-0049-0
Malykh, A. G., & Sadaie, M. R. (2010). Piracetam and Piracetam-Like Drugs. Drugs, 70(3), 287–312. https://doi.org/10.2165/11319230-000000000-00000
Responsible use
Noopept
Nootropic
Stimulant
Modafinil
Coluracetam (Wikipedia)
Coluracetam (Isomer Design)
Coluracetam (Examine)
