How long does Naloxone last?

The total duration of Naloxone via insufflated is 30 minutes to 1 hour. Onset typically occurs within 10 minutes.

Naloxone — SubstanceWiki

Opioid receptor antagonist

Naloxone, sold under the brand name Narcan among others, is an opioid antagonist, a medication used to reverse or reduce the effects of opioids. For example, it is used to restore breathing after an opioid overdose. Effects begin within two minutes when given intravenously, five minutes when injected into a muscle, and ten minutes as a nasal spray. Naloxone blocks the effects of opioids for 30 to 90 minutes.

Administration to opioid-dependent individuals may cause symptoms of opioid withdrawal, including restlessness, agitation, nausea, vomiting, a fast heart rate, and sweating. To prevent this, small doses every few minutes can be given until the desired effect is reached. In those with previous heart disease or taking medications that negatively affect the heart, further heart problems have occurred. There is limited data on naloxone's safety during pregnancy. Naloxone is a non-selective and competitive opioid receptor antagonist. It reverses the depression of the central nervous system and respiratory system caused by opioids.

Naloxone was patented in 1961 and approved for opioid overdose in the United States in 1971. It is on the World Health Organization's List of Essential Medicines.

How It Feels

Naloxone's subjective experience depends entirely on the state of the person receiving it. In someone who has not recently used opioids, naloxone produces essentially nothing -- no high, no alteration, no perceptible change in consciousness. It is pharmacologically active but experientially silent, a key that fits a lock but finds it already open.

In someone under the influence of opioids, however, naloxone produces one of the most dramatic and violent subjective transitions in all of pharmacology. Within one to three minutes of intravenous administration, the opioid warmth that had been enveloping the body is ripped away with a suddenness that defies the normal pace of pharmacological change. It is not a gradual fading -- it is an instantaneous reversal, as though someone has reached into the nervous system and physically torn away every molecule of comfort that the opioid had deposited.

The precipitated withdrawal that follows is an experience of almost unimaginable physical distress condensed into a very short timeframe. Within minutes, the body erupts into a symphony of opioid withdrawal symptoms at maximum intensity. Goosebumps cover the skin, hair standing on end. Profuse sweating soaks through clothing. The gut cramps violently, producing diarrhea and vomiting simultaneously. Muscles ache as though they have been beaten. The nose runs. The eyes stream tears. Every joint feels as though it has been filled with broken glass. The body temperature oscillates wildly between freezing cold and burning heat, the thermoregulatory system lurching between extremes without finding equilibrium.

The psychological component is equally severe. Anxiety spikes to panic-level intensity. A profound dysphoria settles over consciousness -- not sadness exactly, but a bone-deep wrongness, a sense that every cell in the body is screaming in protest. The craving for opioids becomes a physical force, a desperate, clawing need that crowds out every other thought and motivation. There may be agitation, combativeness, rage -- the body and mind in full revolt against the sudden chemical deprivation.

The duration of naloxone's effects is thirty to ninety minutes, depending on the formulation. As the naloxone is metabolized and its grip on the opioid receptors loosens, the remaining opioid may reassert itself, producing a return of warmth and relief that is dramatic in its contrast to the preceding misery. Alternatively, if the opioid has been metabolized during the interval, the withdrawal symptoms gradually subside on their own, leaving behind an exhausted, depleted body that feels as though it has been through a physical ordeal -- because it has.

Pharmacology

Naloxone acts as a potent μ-opioid receptor inverse agonist. Because of its high affinity for the μ-opioid receptor, it knocks other ligands out of the receptor. If naloxone is administered without previous administration of opioids, it has few biological effects, notably a lower pain threshold.

Naloxone has two isomers, (+)naloxone and (-)naloxone, with the latter being active. The liver metabolizes naloxone. It has very low oral bioavailability, which is why it is administered intravenously, intramuscularly or intranasally. Small amounts of naloxone are often added to opioids like buprenorphine and pentazocine to prevent abuse. This is because of the bioavailability difference; injecting the isolated ingredients from the pill will also inject naloxone.

Naloxone has been noted to block a placebo based analgesic effect. For example, if an individual has been administered something that they were told was morphine and had an analgesic response to it, naloxone will block that response.

Naloxone also has a lower affinity as an antagonist at the κ-opioid and δ-opioid receptors.

If naloxone is administered in the absence of concomitant opioid use, no functional pharmacological activity occurs, except the inability for the body to combat pain naturally. In contrast to direct opiate agonists, which elicit opiate withdrawal symptoms when discontinued in opiate-tolerant people, no evidence indicates the development of tolerance or dependence on naloxone. The mechanism of action is not completely understood, but studies suggest it functions to produce withdrawal symptoms by competing for opiate receptor sites within the CNS (a competitive antagonist, not a direct agonist), thereby preventing the action of both endogenous and xenobiotic opiates on these receptors without directly producing any effects itself.

When taken by itself and outside the context of an opioid overdose, naloxone causes relatively comfortable sedation and general suppression of emotions.

When administering naloxone, it is important to understand which formulation it is coming in and what that means. In the United States, naloxone primarily comes in four formulations. Narcan is a prescription nasal spray that is inserted and administered into the nose.Evzio is an autoinjector with voice instruction capabilities similar to many epinephrine autoinjectors. Naloxone may come in a pink or orange box that reads "Naloxone Hydrochloride, INJ., USP" or a green box that reads the same thing. The main difference between these two is that the green ones come with a needle built in and is meant for intramuscular injection specifically.

Common Brands (United States)
Narcan** is one of the most common brands containing naloxone. To use it, these steps are followed:

Peel the device out of the packaging
Hold the device with the thumb on the bottom of the plunger and 2 fingers on the nozzle
Place and hold the tip of the nozzle in either nostril until one's fingers touch the bottom of the patient’s nose
Press the plunger down, which will release the medication.

Narcan is not a substitute for professional medical care. On brand Narcan will deliver 4mg of naloxone. Narcan does not last as long as many opioids, so before or after administering Narcan, one should call for emergency services.

Evzio** is one of the most common brands containing naloxone. To use it one can follow these steps: 1) Pull the device out of the case 2) Pull off the red safety guard 3) Place the black end of the device against one's outer thigh 4) Ensure there are no solid objects between the black end and their skin -- the needle can go through clothes if necessary 5) Press firmly down on the device until distinct click is heard and hold it there for 5 seconds to ensure all the naloxone is released from the device.

Evzio is not a substitute for professional medical care. Evzio does not last as long as many opioids, so before or after administering Evzio, one should call for emergency services.

To use orange/pink box naloxone, one can follow these steps: 1) Take the device out of the box 2) If the device is not assembled, assemble it 3) Remove the yellow caps off the cylinder 4) On the narrow end, put the cylindrical cap 5) Take the vial of the medication and put it into the chamber, with the colored end pointing towards the patient 6) The dosage for adults is 2 mg of naloxone and the device comes with 2 mg 7) Put the device in either nostril and press down on the vial of medication until half of it is dispersed into that nostril 8) Then, take the device and put it in the other nostril and administer the rest of the medication.

If the patient is under 5 years of age, only administer 1 mg total, or a quarter of the total medication in each nostril. Each naloxone should be administered with the goal of restoring ventilation (breathing) but not necessarily consciousness. Naloxone should not be administered in the field to patients under 28 days of age.

Boxed naloxone is not a substitute for professional medical care. Naloxone does not last as long as many opioids. So before or after administering naloxone, one should call for emergency services.

Naloxone is often combined with otherwise frequently abused Opioids like "Tilidin" (Synthetic Opioid which is 5 times weaker than Morphine; almost only used in European Countries) which is produced in composition of 50mg (Tilidin) / 4mg (Naloxone), 100/8 and 200/16 and given out in extended-elease Tablets.

It should be noted that this doesn't prevent abuse since Naloxone's Oral Bioavailability is around 1%, which therefore requires dosages of around 400mg of Naloxone alone (Oral) for it to show its antagonistic effects.

not habit-forming. When naloxone is administered in an opioid overdose, the individual will go through immediate withdrawal. Sudden opioid withdrawal may be life-threatening in extreme cases. Symptoms of opioid withdrawal may include, but are not limited to agitation, nausea, psychosis, temperature regulation suppression, anxiety, physical fatigue, excessive yawning, sweating, dehydration, and pupil dilation.

It has been noted that naloxone may be needed in higher dosages depending on the opioid that was consumed. It is not uncommon for several doses of naloxone to be administered in overdose cases involving fentanyl or one of its many analogs. If an individual does not have opioids in their system when naloxone is administered, it may cause dehydration and nausea.

It is strongly recommended that one use harm reduction practices when using this substance.

Throughout the world, naloxone is not considered a controlled substance. It is a prescription drug in most countries.

Australia: In Australia, naloxone is considered an over the counter drug and is available at most pharmacies
Canada: In Canada, naloxone kits are distributed at many emergency rooms, clinics, and some pharmacies.
Germany:** Naloxone is a prescription medicine, according to Anlage 1 AMVV.
Switzerland: Preparations containing only naloxone are listed as "Abgabekategorie B" pharmaceuticals, which require a prescription to obtain.
Turkey: Naloxone is only sold as an addictive to buprenorphine to deter abuse, which is prescription only.
United States: At a federal level, naloxone is a prescription drug. Many states have programs that make naloxone over the counter and available at request at most pharmacies. In the United States, most jurisdictions have programs to deploy naloxone to law enforcement and fire and rescue services.
United Kingdom: In the United Kingdom, naloxone is considered a prescription drug, but drug services can supply it without a prescription. And anyone can use it to save a life in an emergency.
Responsible use
Safer injection guide
Opioids
Heroin
Fentanyl
Codeine
Morphine
Naloxone (Wikipedia)
Naloxone (Erowid Vault)
Naloxone (TiHKAL / Isomer Design)
Combatting America's Opioid Crisis: Heroin's Antidote (Vice)

Interactions

Substance	Status	Note
1,4-Butanediol	Dangerous	Severe respiratory depression risk; leading cause of polydrug overdose
2-Fluorodeschloroketamine	Dangerous	Both cause respiratory depression and unconsciousness; vomiting while dissociated risks aspiration
2M2B	Dangerous	Severe respiratory depression risk; leading cause of polydrug overdose
3-Cl-PCP	Dangerous	Both cause respiratory depression and unconsciousness; vomiting while dissociated risks aspiration
3-HO-PCE	Dangerous	Both cause respiratory depression and unconsciousness; vomiting while dissociated risks aspiration
3-HO-PCP	Dangerous	Both cause respiratory depression and unconsciousness; vomiting while dissociated risks aspiration
3-MeO-PCE	Dangerous	Both cause respiratory depression and unconsciousness; vomiting while dissociated risks aspiration
3-MeO-PCMo	Dangerous	Both cause respiratory depression and unconsciousness; vomiting while dissociated risks aspiration
3-MeO-PCP	Dangerous	Both cause respiratory depression and unconsciousness; vomiting while dissociated risks aspiration
4-MeO-PCP	Dangerous	Both cause respiratory depression and unconsciousness; vomiting while dissociated risks aspiration
Acetylfentanyl	Dangerous	Compounding respiratory depression and overdose risk
Alcohol	Dangerous	Severe respiratory depression risk; leading cause of polydrug overdose
Alprazolam	Dangerous	Severe respiratory depression; this combination is the leading cause of prescription drug overdose deaths
Atropa belladonna	Dangerous	Compounding CNS depression with anticholinergic effects; risk of cardiac events and respiratory failure
Baclofen	Dangerous	Severe respiratory depression risk; leading cause of polydrug overdose
Benzodiazepines	Dangerous	Severe respiratory depression; this combination is the leading cause of prescription drug overdose deaths
Bromazepam	Dangerous	Severe respiratory depression; this combination is the leading cause of prescription drug overdose deaths
Buprenorphine	Dangerous	Compounding respiratory depression and overdose risk
Cake	Dangerous	Severe respiratory depression risk; leading cause of polydrug overdose
Carisoprodol	Dangerous	Severe respiratory depression risk; leading cause of polydrug overdose
Clonazepam	Dangerous	Severe respiratory depression; this combination is the leading cause of prescription drug overdose deaths
Clonazolam	Dangerous	Severe respiratory depression; this combination is the leading cause of prescription drug overdose deaths
Clonidine	Dangerous	Severe respiratory depression risk; leading cause of polydrug overdose
Codeine	Dangerous	Compounding respiratory depression and overdose risk
Datura	Dangerous	Compounding CNS depression with anticholinergic effects; risk of cardiac events and respiratory failure
Deschloroetizolam	Dangerous	Severe respiratory depression; this combination is the leading cause of prescription drug overdose deaths
Deschloroketamine	Dangerous	Both cause respiratory depression and unconsciousness; vomiting while dissociated risks aspiration
Desomorphine	Dangerous	Compounding respiratory depression and overdose risk
Dextromethorphan	Dangerous	Both cause respiratory depression and unconsciousness; vomiting while dissociated risks aspiration
Dextropropoxyphene	Dangerous	Compounding respiratory depression and overdose risk
Diazepam	Dangerous	Severe respiratory depression; this combination is the leading cause of prescription drug overdose deaths
Diclazepam	Dangerous	Severe respiratory depression; this combination is the leading cause of prescription drug overdose deaths
Dihydrocodeine	Dangerous	Compounding respiratory depression and overdose risk
Diphenhydramine	Dangerous	Compounding CNS depression with anticholinergic effects; risk of cardiac events and respiratory failure
Diphenidine	Dangerous	Both cause respiratory depression and unconsciousness; vomiting while dissociated risks aspiration
Ephenidine	Dangerous	Both cause respiratory depression and unconsciousness; vomiting while dissociated risks aspiration
Eszopiclone	Dangerous	Severe respiratory depression risk; leading cause of polydrug overdose
Ethylmorphine	Dangerous	Compounding respiratory depression and overdose risk
Etizolam	Dangerous	Severe respiratory depression; this combination is the leading cause of prescription drug overdose deaths
F-Phenibut	Dangerous	Severe respiratory depression risk; leading cause of polydrug overdose
Fentanyl	Dangerous	Compounding respiratory depression and overdose risk
Flualprazolam	Dangerous	Severe respiratory depression; this combination is the leading cause of prescription drug overdose deaths
Flubromazepam	Dangerous	Severe respiratory depression; this combination is the leading cause of prescription drug overdose deaths
Flubromazolam	Dangerous	Severe respiratory depression; this combination is the leading cause of prescription drug overdose deaths
Flunitrazepam	Dangerous	Severe respiratory depression; this combination is the leading cause of prescription drug overdose deaths
Flunitrazolam	Dangerous	Severe respiratory depression; this combination is the leading cause of prescription drug overdose deaths
Gabapentin	Dangerous	Severe respiratory depression risk; leading cause of polydrug overdose
Gaboxadol	Dangerous	Severe respiratory depression risk; leading cause of polydrug overdose
GBL	Dangerous	Severe respiratory depression risk; leading cause of polydrug overdose
GHB	Dangerous	Severe respiratory depression risk; leading cause of polydrug overdose
Grayanotoxin	Dangerous	Severe respiratory depression risk; leading cause of polydrug overdose
Harmala alkaloid	Dangerous	Risk of serotonin syndrome and severe respiratory depression; potentially fatal
Heroin	Dangerous	Compounding respiratory depression and overdose risk
HXE	Dangerous	Both cause respiratory depression and unconsciousness; vomiting while dissociated risks aspiration
Hydrocodone	Dangerous	Compounding respiratory depression and overdose risk
Hydromorphone	Dangerous	Compounding respiratory depression and overdose risk
Inhalants	Dangerous	Both cause respiratory depression and unconsciousness; vomiting while dissociated risks aspiration
Ketamine	Dangerous	Both cause respiratory depression and unconsciousness; vomiting while dissociated risks aspiration
Kratom	Dangerous	Compounding respiratory depression and overdose risk
Lorazepam	Dangerous	Severe respiratory depression; this combination is the leading cause of prescription drug overdose deaths
MAOI	Dangerous	Risk of serotonin syndrome and severe respiratory depression; potentially fatal
Memantine	Dangerous	Both cause respiratory depression and unconsciousness; vomiting while dissociated risks aspiration
Mephenaqualone	Dangerous	Severe respiratory depression risk; leading cause of polydrug overdose
Methadone	Dangerous	Compounding respiratory depression and overdose risk
Methaqualone	Dangerous	Severe respiratory depression risk; leading cause of polydrug overdose
Methoxetamine	Dangerous	Both cause respiratory depression and unconsciousness; vomiting while dissociated risks aspiration
Methoxphenidine	Dangerous	Both cause respiratory depression and unconsciousness; vomiting while dissociated risks aspiration
Metizolam	Dangerous	Severe respiratory depression; this combination is the leading cause of prescription drug overdose deaths
Midazolam	Dangerous	Severe respiratory depression; this combination is the leading cause of prescription drug overdose deaths
Mirtazapine	Dangerous	Severe respiratory depression risk; leading cause of polydrug overdose
Morphine	Dangerous	Compounding respiratory depression and overdose risk
MXiPr	Dangerous	Both cause respiratory depression and unconsciousness; vomiting while dissociated risks aspiration
Myristicin	Dangerous	Compounding CNS depression with anticholinergic effects; risk of cardiac events and respiratory failure
Nicotine	Dangerous	Severe respiratory depression risk; leading cause of polydrug overdose
Nifoxipam	Dangerous	Severe respiratory depression risk; leading cause of polydrug overdose
Nitrous	Dangerous	Both cause respiratory depression and unconsciousness; vomiting while dissociated risks aspiration
O-Desmethyltramadol	Dangerous	Compounding respiratory depression and overdose risk
O-PCE	Dangerous	Both cause respiratory depression and unconsciousness; vomiting while dissociated risks aspiration
Oxycodone	Dangerous	Compounding respiratory depression and overdose risk
Oxymorphone	Dangerous	Compounding respiratory depression and overdose risk
PCE	Dangerous	Both cause respiratory depression and unconsciousness; vomiting while dissociated risks aspiration
PCP	Dangerous	Both cause respiratory depression and unconsciousness; vomiting while dissociated risks aspiration
Peganum harmala	Dangerous	Risk of serotonin syndrome and severe respiratory depression; potentially fatal
Pentobarbital	Dangerous	Severe respiratory depression risk; leading cause of polydrug overdose
Pethidine	Dangerous	Compounding respiratory depression and overdose risk
Phenobarbital	Dangerous	Severe respiratory depression risk; leading cause of polydrug overdose
SAMe	Dangerous	Severe respiratory depression risk; leading cause of polydrug overdose
2-Aminoindane	Caution	Stimulants mask opioid sedation, increasing overdose risk when the stimulant wears off
2-FA	Caution	Stimulants mask opioid sedation, increasing overdose risk when the stimulant wears off
2-FEA	Caution	Stimulants mask opioid sedation, increasing overdose risk when the stimulant wears off
2-FMA	Caution	Stimulants mask opioid sedation, increasing overdose risk when the stimulant wears off
2,5-DMA	Caution	Stimulants mask opioid sedation, increasing overdose risk when the stimulant wears off
2C-H	Caution	Stimulants mask opioid sedation, increasing overdose risk when the stimulant wears off
3-FA	Caution	Stimulants mask opioid sedation, increasing overdose risk when the stimulant wears off
3-FEA	Caution	Stimulants mask opioid sedation, increasing overdose risk when the stimulant wears off
3-FMA	Caution	Stimulants mask opioid sedation, increasing overdose risk when the stimulant wears off
3-FPM	Caution	Stimulants mask opioid sedation, increasing overdose risk when the stimulant wears off
3-MMC	Caution	Stimulants mask opioid sedation, increasing overdose risk when the stimulant wears off
3,4-CTMP	Caution	Stimulants mask opioid sedation, increasing overdose risk when the stimulant wears off
4-FA	Caution	Stimulants mask opioid sedation, increasing overdose risk when the stimulant wears off
4-FMA	Caution	Stimulants mask opioid sedation, increasing overdose risk when the stimulant wears off
4-MMC	Caution	Stimulants mask opioid sedation, increasing overdose risk when the stimulant wears off
4F-EPH	Caution	Stimulants mask opioid sedation, increasing overdose risk when the stimulant wears off
4F-MPH	Caution	Stimulants mask opioid sedation, increasing overdose risk when the stimulant wears off
5-APB	Caution	Stimulants mask opioid sedation, increasing overdose risk when the stimulant wears off
6-APDB	Caution	Stimulants mask opioid sedation, increasing overdose risk when the stimulant wears off
8-Chlorotheophylline	Caution	Stimulants mask opioid sedation, increasing overdose risk when the stimulant wears off
A-PHP	Caution	Stimulants mask opioid sedation, increasing overdose risk when the stimulant wears off
A-PVP	Caution	Stimulants mask opioid sedation, increasing overdose risk when the stimulant wears off
Adrafinil	Caution	Stimulants mask opioid sedation, increasing overdose risk when the stimulant wears off
Amphetamine	Caution	Stimulants mask opioid sedation, increasing overdose risk when the stimulant wears off
Armodafinil	Caution	Stimulants mask opioid sedation, increasing overdose risk when the stimulant wears off
Benzydamine	Caution	Stimulants mask opioid sedation, increasing overdose risk when the stimulant wears off
Bromantane	Caution	Stimulants mask opioid sedation, increasing overdose risk when the stimulant wears off
Butylone	Caution	Stimulants mask opioid sedation, increasing overdose risk when the stimulant wears off
Caffeine	Caution	Stimulants mask opioid sedation, increasing overdose risk when the stimulant wears off
Cocaine	Caution	Stimulants mask opioid sedation, increasing overdose risk when the stimulant wears off
Cyclazodone	Caution	Stimulants mask opioid sedation, increasing overdose risk when the stimulant wears off
Desoxypipradrol	Caution	Stimulants mask opioid sedation, increasing overdose risk when the stimulant wears off
Dextroamphetamine	Caution	Stimulants mask opioid sedation, increasing overdose risk when the stimulant wears off
Dichloropane	Caution	Stimulants mask opioid sedation, increasing overdose risk when the stimulant wears off
Ephedrine	Caution	Stimulants mask opioid sedation, increasing overdose risk when the stimulant wears off
Ephylone	Caution	Stimulants mask opioid sedation, increasing overdose risk when the stimulant wears off
ETH-CAT	Caution	Stimulants mask opioid sedation, increasing overdose risk when the stimulant wears off
Ethylone	Caution	Stimulants mask opioid sedation, increasing overdose risk when the stimulant wears off
Ethylphenidate	Caution	Stimulants mask opioid sedation, increasing overdose risk when the stimulant wears off
Fenethylline	Caution	Stimulants mask opioid sedation, increasing overdose risk when the stimulant wears off
Hexedrone	Caution	Stimulants mask opioid sedation, increasing overdose risk when the stimulant wears off
Isopropylphenidate	Caution	Stimulants mask opioid sedation, increasing overdose risk when the stimulant wears off
Lisdexamfetamine	Caution	Stimulants mask opioid sedation, increasing overdose risk when the stimulant wears off
MCPP	Caution	Stimulants mask opioid sedation, increasing overdose risk when the stimulant wears off
MDA	Caution	Stimulants mask opioid sedation, increasing overdose risk when the stimulant wears off
MDMA	Caution	Stimulants mask opioid sedation, increasing overdose risk when the stimulant wears off
MDPV	Caution	Stimulants mask opioid sedation, increasing overdose risk when the stimulant wears off
Mephedrone	Caution	Stimulants mask opioid sedation, increasing overdose risk when the stimulant wears off
Methamphetamine	Caution	Stimulants mask opioid sedation, increasing overdose risk when the stimulant wears off
Methcathinone	Caution	Stimulants mask opioid sedation, increasing overdose risk when the stimulant wears off
Methiopropamine	Caution	Stimulants mask opioid sedation, increasing overdose risk when the stimulant wears off
Methylnaphthidate	Caution	Stimulants mask opioid sedation, increasing overdose risk when the stimulant wears off
Methylone	Caution	Stimulants mask opioid sedation, increasing overdose risk when the stimulant wears off
Methylphenidate	Caution	Stimulants mask opioid sedation, increasing overdose risk when the stimulant wears off
Mexedrone	Caution	Stimulants mask opioid sedation, increasing overdose risk when the stimulant wears off
Modafinil	Caution	Stimulants mask opioid sedation, increasing overdose risk when the stimulant wears off
N-Ethylhexedrone	Caution	Stimulants mask opioid sedation, increasing overdose risk when the stimulant wears off
N-Methylbisfluoromodafinil	Caution	Stimulants mask opioid sedation, increasing overdose risk when the stimulant wears off
NEP	Caution	Stimulants mask opioid sedation, increasing overdose risk when the stimulant wears off
NM-2-AI	Caution	Stimulants mask opioid sedation, increasing overdose risk when the stimulant wears off
Oxiracetam	Caution	Stimulants mask opioid sedation, increasing overdose risk when the stimulant wears off
Pentedrone	Caution	Stimulants mask opioid sedation, increasing overdose risk when the stimulant wears off
Phenylpiracetam	Caution	Stimulants mask opioid sedation, increasing overdose risk when the stimulant wears off
Rhodiola Rosea	Caution	Stimulants mask opioid sedation, increasing overdose risk when the stimulant wears off
2C-B	Low Risk & No Synergy	No significant pharmacological interaction; opioids may slightly dull the psychedelic experience
DMT	Low Risk & No Synergy	No significant pharmacological interaction; opioids may slightly dull the psychedelic experience
LSD	Low Risk & No Synergy	No significant pharmacological interaction; opioids may slightly dull the psychedelic experience
Mescaline	Low Risk & No Synergy	No significant pharmacological interaction; opioids may slightly dull the psychedelic experience
Psilocybin Mushrooms	Low Risk & No Synergy	No significant pharmacological interaction; opioids may slightly dull the psychedelic experience

Showing 156 key interactions out of 232 total.

Toxicity & Safety

It is strongly recommended that one use harm reduction practices when using this substance.

Throughout the world, naloxone is not considered a controlled substance. It is a prescription drug in most countries.

Australia: In Australia, naloxone is considered an over the counter drug and is available at most pharmacies
Canada: In Canada, naloxone kits are distributed at many emergency rooms, clinics, and some pharmacies.
Germany:** Naloxone is a prescription medicine, according to Anlage 1 AMVV.
Switzerland: Preparations containing only naloxone are listed as "Abgabekategorie B" pharmaceuticals, which require a prescription to obtain.
Turkey: Naloxone is only sold as an addictive to buprenorphine to deter abuse, which is prescription only.
United States: At a federal level, naloxone is a prescription drug. Many states have programs that make naloxone over the counter and available at request at most pharmacies. In the United States, most jurisdictions have programs to deploy naloxone to law enforcement and fire and rescue services.
United Kingdom: In the United Kingdom, naloxone is considered a prescription drug, but drug services can supply it without a prescription. And anyone can use it to save a life in an emergency.
Responsible use
Safer injection guide
Opioids
Heroin
Fentanyl
Codeine
Morphine
Naloxone (Wikipedia)
Naloxone (Erowid Vault)
Naloxone (TiHKAL / Isomer Design)
Combatting America's Opioid Crisis: Heroin's Antidote (Vice)

Addiction Potential

not habit-forming

Overdose Information

overdose, the individual will go through immediate withdrawal. Sudden opioid withdrawal may be life-threatening in extreme cases. Symptoms of opioid withdrawal may include, but are not limited to agitation, nausea, psychosis, temperature regulation suppression, anxiety, physical fatigue, excessive yawning, sweating, dehydration, and pupil dilation.

It is strongly recommended that one use harm reduction practices when using this substance.

Throughout the world, naloxone is not considered a controlled substance. It is a prescription drug in most countries.

Australia: In Australia, naloxone is considered an over the counter drug and is available at most pharmacies
Canada: In Canada, naloxone kits are distributed at many emergency rooms, clinics, and some pharmacies.
Germany:** Naloxone is a prescription medicine, according to Anlage 1 AMVV.
Switzerland: Preparations containing only naloxone are listed as "Abgabekategorie B" pharmaceuticals, which require a prescription to obtain.
Turkey: Naloxone is only sold as an addictive to buprenorphine to deter abuse, which is prescription only.
United States: At a federal level, naloxone is a prescription drug. Many states have programs that make naloxone over the counter and available at request at most pharmacies. In the United States, most jurisdictions have programs to deploy naloxone to law enforcement and fire and rescue services.
United Kingdom: In the United Kingdom, naloxone is considered a prescription drug, but drug services can supply it without a prescription. And anyone can use it to save a life in an emergency.

==See als

Dangerous Interactions

The combinations listed below may be life-threatening. Independent research should always be conducted to ensure safety when combining substances.

1,4-ButanediolDangerous

Severe respiratory depression risk; leading cause of polydrug overdose

2-FluorodeschloroketamineDangerous

Both cause respiratory depression and unconsciousness; vomiting while dissociated risks aspiration

2M2BDangerous

Severe respiratory depression risk; leading cause of polydrug overdose

3-Cl-PCPDangerous

Both cause respiratory depression and unconsciousness; vomiting while dissociated risks aspiration

3-HO-PCEDangerous

Both cause respiratory depression and unconsciousness; vomiting while dissociated risks aspiration

3-HO-PCPDangerous

Both cause respiratory depression and unconsciousness; vomiting while dissociated risks aspiration

3-MeO-PCEDangerous

Both cause respiratory depression and unconsciousness; vomiting while dissociated risks aspiration

3-MeO-PCMoDangerous

Both cause respiratory depression and unconsciousness; vomiting while dissociated risks aspiration

3-MeO-PCPDangerous

Both cause respiratory depression and unconsciousness; vomiting while dissociated risks aspiration

4-MeO-PCPDangerous

Both cause respiratory depression and unconsciousness; vomiting while dissociated risks aspiration

AcetylfentanylDangerous

Compounding respiratory depression and overdose risk

AlcoholDangerous

Severe respiratory depression risk; leading cause of polydrug overdose

AlprazolamDangerous

Severe respiratory depression; this combination is the leading cause of prescription drug overdose deaths

Atropa belladonnaDangerous

Compounding CNS depression with anticholinergic effects; risk of cardiac events and respiratory failure

BaclofenDangerous

Severe respiratory depression risk; leading cause of polydrug overdose

BenzodiazepinesDangerous

Severe respiratory depression; this combination is the leading cause of prescription drug overdose deaths

BromazepamDangerous

Severe respiratory depression; this combination is the leading cause of prescription drug overdose deaths

BuprenorphineDangerous

Compounding respiratory depression and overdose risk

CakeDangerous

Severe respiratory depression risk; leading cause of polydrug overdose

CarisoprodolDangerous

Severe respiratory depression risk; leading cause of polydrug overdose

ClonazepamDangerous

Severe respiratory depression; this combination is the leading cause of prescription drug overdose deaths

ClonazolamDangerous

Severe respiratory depression; this combination is the leading cause of prescription drug overdose deaths

ClonidineDangerous

Severe respiratory depression risk; leading cause of polydrug overdose

CodeineDangerous

Compounding respiratory depression and overdose risk

DaturaDangerous

Compounding CNS depression with anticholinergic effects; risk of cardiac events and respiratory failure

DeschloroetizolamDangerous

Severe respiratory depression; this combination is the leading cause of prescription drug overdose deaths

DeschloroketamineDangerous

Both cause respiratory depression and unconsciousness; vomiting while dissociated risks aspiration

DesomorphineDangerous

Compounding respiratory depression and overdose risk

DextromethorphanDangerous

Both cause respiratory depression and unconsciousness; vomiting while dissociated risks aspiration

DextropropoxypheneDangerous

Compounding respiratory depression and overdose risk

DiazepamDangerous

Severe respiratory depression; this combination is the leading cause of prescription drug overdose deaths

DiclazepamDangerous

Severe respiratory depression; this combination is the leading cause of prescription drug overdose deaths

DihydrocodeineDangerous

Compounding respiratory depression and overdose risk

DiphenhydramineDangerous

Compounding CNS depression with anticholinergic effects; risk of cardiac events and respiratory failure

DiphenidineDangerous

Both cause respiratory depression and unconsciousness; vomiting while dissociated risks aspiration

EphenidineDangerous

Both cause respiratory depression and unconsciousness; vomiting while dissociated risks aspiration

EszopicloneDangerous

Severe respiratory depression risk; leading cause of polydrug overdose

EthylmorphineDangerous

Compounding respiratory depression and overdose risk

EtizolamDangerous

Severe respiratory depression; this combination is the leading cause of prescription drug overdose deaths

F-PhenibutDangerous

Severe respiratory depression risk; leading cause of polydrug overdose

FentanylDangerous

Compounding respiratory depression and overdose risk

FlualprazolamDangerous

Severe respiratory depression; this combination is the leading cause of prescription drug overdose deaths

FlubromazepamDangerous

Severe respiratory depression; this combination is the leading cause of prescription drug overdose deaths

FlubromazolamDangerous

Severe respiratory depression; this combination is the leading cause of prescription drug overdose deaths

FlunitrazepamDangerous

Severe respiratory depression; this combination is the leading cause of prescription drug overdose deaths

FlunitrazolamDangerous

Severe respiratory depression; this combination is the leading cause of prescription drug overdose deaths

GabapentinDangerous

Severe respiratory depression risk; leading cause of polydrug overdose

GaboxadolDangerous

Severe respiratory depression risk; leading cause of polydrug overdose

GBLDangerous

Severe respiratory depression risk; leading cause of polydrug overdose

GHBDangerous

Severe respiratory depression risk; leading cause of polydrug overdose

GrayanotoxinDangerous

Severe respiratory depression risk; leading cause of polydrug overdose

Harmala alkaloidDangerous

Risk of serotonin syndrome and severe respiratory depression; potentially fatal

HeroinDangerous

Compounding respiratory depression and overdose risk

HXEDangerous

Both cause respiratory depression and unconsciousness; vomiting while dissociated risks aspiration

HydrocodoneDangerous

Compounding respiratory depression and overdose risk

HydromorphoneDangerous

Compounding respiratory depression and overdose risk

InhalantsDangerous

Both cause respiratory depression and unconsciousness; vomiting while dissociated risks aspiration

KetamineDangerous

Both cause respiratory depression and unconsciousness; vomiting while dissociated risks aspiration

KratomDangerous

Compounding respiratory depression and overdose risk

LorazepamDangerous

Severe respiratory depression; this combination is the leading cause of prescription drug overdose deaths

MAOIDangerous

Risk of serotonin syndrome and severe respiratory depression; potentially fatal

MemantineDangerous

Both cause respiratory depression and unconsciousness; vomiting while dissociated risks aspiration

MephenaqualoneDangerous

Severe respiratory depression risk; leading cause of polydrug overdose

MethadoneDangerous

Compounding respiratory depression and overdose risk

MethaqualoneDangerous

Severe respiratory depression risk; leading cause of polydrug overdose

MethoxetamineDangerous

Both cause respiratory depression and unconsciousness; vomiting while dissociated risks aspiration

MethoxphenidineDangerous

Both cause respiratory depression and unconsciousness; vomiting while dissociated risks aspiration

MetizolamDangerous

Severe respiratory depression; this combination is the leading cause of prescription drug overdose deaths

MidazolamDangerous

Severe respiratory depression; this combination is the leading cause of prescription drug overdose deaths

MirtazapineDangerous

Severe respiratory depression risk; leading cause of polydrug overdose

MorphineDangerous

Compounding respiratory depression and overdose risk

MXiPrDangerous

Both cause respiratory depression and unconsciousness; vomiting while dissociated risks aspiration

MyristicinDangerous

Compounding CNS depression with anticholinergic effects; risk of cardiac events and respiratory failure

NicotineDangerous

Severe respiratory depression risk; leading cause of polydrug overdose

NifoxipamDangerous

Severe respiratory depression risk; leading cause of polydrug overdose

NitrousDangerous

Both cause respiratory depression and unconsciousness; vomiting while dissociated risks aspiration

O-DesmethyltramadolDangerous

Compounding respiratory depression and overdose risk

O-PCEDangerous

Both cause respiratory depression and unconsciousness; vomiting while dissociated risks aspiration

OxycodoneDangerous

Compounding respiratory depression and overdose risk

OxymorphoneDangerous

Compounding respiratory depression and overdose risk

PCEDangerous

Both cause respiratory depression and unconsciousness; vomiting while dissociated risks aspiration

PCPDangerous

Both cause respiratory depression and unconsciousness; vomiting while dissociated risks aspiration

Peganum harmalaDangerous

Risk of serotonin syndrome and severe respiratory depression; potentially fatal

PentobarbitalDangerous

Severe respiratory depression risk; leading cause of polydrug overdose

PethidineDangerous

Compounding respiratory depression and overdose risk

PhenobarbitalDangerous

Severe respiratory depression risk; leading cause of polydrug overdose

SAMeDangerous

Severe respiratory depression risk; leading cause of polydrug overdose

Full	Unknown
Half	Unknown
Zero	Unknown

Naloxone

Quick Dosage

Dosage

insufflated

intramuscular

intravenous

oral

Duration

insufflated

intramuscular

intravenous

oral

How It Feels

Subjective Effects

Physical Effects

Physical(6)

Cognitive & Perceptual Effects

Cognitive(1)

Pharmacology

Detection Methods

Standard Drug Panel Inclusion

Urine Detection

Blood and Saliva Detection

Hair Follicle Detection

Confirmatory Testing

Reagent Testing

Interactions

History

Harm Reduction

Toxicity & Safety

Addiction Potential

Overdose Information

Dangerous Interactions

Tolerance

Legal Status

Experience Reports (2)

Tips (16)

Community Discussions (27)

Further Reading

The Harm Reduction Movement

See Also

References (5)

Frequently Asked Questions