How long does Phenylpiracetam last?

The total duration of Phenylpiracetam via oral is 2 hours to 3 hours. Onset typically occurs within 30 minutes to 1 hour.

Phenylpiracetam — SubstanceWiki

Q: What is Phenylpiracetam?

Chemical compound (Learn how and when to remove this message) Phenylpiracetam, also known as fonturacetam (INNTooltip International nonproprietary name) and sold under the brand names Phenotropil, Actitropil, and Carphedon among others, is a stimulant and nootropic medication used in Russia and cert

(Learn how and when to remove this message)

Phenylpiracetam, also known as fonturacetam (INNTooltip International nonproprietary name) and sold under the brand names Phenotropil, Actitropil, and Carphedon among others, is a stimulant and nootropic medication used in Russia and certain other Eastern European countries in the treatment of cerebrovascular deficiency, depression, apathy, attention, and memory problems, among other indications. It is also used in Russian cosmonauts to improve physical, mental, and cognitive abilities. The drug is taken by mouth.

Side effects of phenylpiracetam include sleep disturbances among others. The mechanism of action of phenylpiracetam was originally unknown. However, it was discovered that (R)-phenylpiracetam is a selective atypical dopamine reuptake inhibitor in 2014. In addition, phenylpiracetam interacts with certain nicotinic acetylcholine receptors. Chemically, phenylpiracetam is a racetam and phenethylamine and is structurally related to piracetam.

Phenylpiracetam was first described in 1983 by Bobkov Iu, et al. It was approved for medical use in Russia in 2003. Development of (R)-phenylpiracetam (code name MRZ-9547) in the West as a potential treatment for fatigue related to Parkinson's disease began by 2014. In addition to its medical use, phenylpiracetam is sold online as a nootropic.

How It Feels

Phenylpiracetam makes itself known within thirty to sixty minutes with a clarity that distinguishes it from its more subtle racetam relatives. A sharp, focused alertness descends upon the mind, accompanied by a mild but unmistakable physical stimulation. The muscles feel slightly more responsive, the body marginally more ready for action. There is an increase in mental energy that does not feel caffeinated or amphetamine-like but occupies its own category: a clear, bright readiness that affects both cognitive and physical performance simultaneously.

At its peak, reached around one to two hours in, phenylpiracetam delivers a compelling blend of cognitive enhancement and physical activation. The mind is alert, focused, and capable of sustained analytical work. Working memory feels expanded, and complex tasks that require holding multiple variables in mind simultaneously become more manageable. Simultaneously, there is a physical component that is unusual among nootropics: endurance improves, perceived exertion decreases, and there is a cold-resistant quality that has led to its use among athletes and in extreme environments. This dual cognitive-physical enhancement gives phenylpiracetam a unique character, as though both mind and body have been tuned to a slightly higher frequency.

The mood may lift slightly, though the effect is more energizing than euphoric. There is a confidence and motivation that accompanies the cognitive clarity, making it easier to begin and sustain effort on demanding tasks. Social interaction is marginally improved, with increased verbal fluency and a slight reduction in social anxiety. The overall experience is stimulating without being agitating, focused without being narrow.

Physically, the effects are well-tolerated. Heart rate may increase very slightly, and appetite is mildly suppressed. There is a subtle warmth and energy in the body that feels invigorating rather than uncomfortable. The most notable physical feature is the compound's tendency to build tolerance rapidly, meaning the effects described here may be most pronounced on first use and diminish with repeated administration.

The duration is four to six hours, with a gradual offset that leaves no significant residue. There is no crash, and sleep is unaffected if the dose is taken early enough in the day. The following morning is clear. The overall impression is of a remarkably well-rounded cognitive and physical enhancer that manages to deliver noticeable effects without significant side effects, a balance that few compounds in its class achieve.

Pharmacology

Pharmacodynamics Phenylpiracetam is a racetam and is described as a stimulant. Racetams have a variety of different pharmacological activities and have varying effects. For example, phenylpiracetam is a stimulant, piracetam is a nootropic, and levetiracetam is an anticonvulsant. The mechanisms of action of most racetams, with some exceptions, are unknown.

Phenylpiracetam is a racemic mixture. (R)-Phenylpiracetam is the most active enantiomer and is much more potent in stimulating locomotor activity than (S)-phenylpiracetam, which is ineffective. However, (S)-phenylpiracetam retains some activity in most pharmacological tests. On the other hand, in one animal test, the passive avoidance test, (S)-phenylpiracetam appeared to be antagonistic of (R)-phenylpiracetam.

Dopamine reuptake inhibitor Experiments performed on Sprague-Dawley rats in a European patent for using phenylpiracetam to treat sleep disorders showed an increase in extracellular dopamine levels after administration. The patent asserts discovery of phenylpiracetam's action as a dopamine reuptake inhibitor as its basis.

The peculiarity of this invention compared to former treatment approaches for treating sleep disorders is the so far unknown therapeutic efficacy of (R)-phenylpiracetam, which is presumably based at least in part on the newly identified activity of (R)-phenylpiracetam as the dopamine re-uptake inhibitor

Both enantiomers of phenylpiracetam, (R)-phenylpiracetam and (S)-phenylpiracetam, have been described in peer-reviewed research as dopamine transporter (DAT) inhibitors in rodents, confirming the patent claim. Their actions at the norepinephrine transporter (NET) vary: (R)-phenylpiracetam acts as a dual norepinephrine–dopamine reuptake inhibitor (NDRI), with 11-fold lower affinity for the NET than for the DAT, whereas the (S)-enantiomer is selective for the DAT. However, whereas (R)-phenylpiracetam stimulates locomotor activity, (S)-phenylpiracetam does not do so. This variation in effects has also been seen with other dopamine reuptake inhibitors.

Other atypical dopamine reuptake inhibitors include modafinil, mesocarb (Sydnocarb), and solriamfetol.

Other actions Phenylpiracetam binds to α4β2 nicotinic acetylcholine receptors in the mouse brain cortex with an IC50Tooltip half-maximal inhibitory concentration of 5.86μM.

Racetams generally, but including phenylpiracetam, have been described as AMPA receptor potentiators.

Animal studies Research on animals has indicated that phenylpiracetam may have antiamnesic, antidepressant, anxiolytic, and anticonvulsant effects. Additional clinical research is necessary to determine whether these effects extend to humans.

Phenylpiracetam has been shown to reverse the sedative or depressant effects of the benzodiazepine diazepam, increases operant behavior, inhibits post-rotational nystagmus, prevents retrograde amnesia, and has anticonvulsant properties in animal models.

In Wistar rats with gravitational cerebral ischemia, phenylpiracetam reduced the extent of neuralgic deficiency manifestations, retained the locomotor, research, and memory functions, increased the survival rate, and lead to the favoring of local cerebral flow restoration upon the occlusion of carotid arteries to a greater extent than did piracetam.

In tests against a control, Sprague-Dawley rats given free access to less-preferred rat chow and trained to operate a lever repeatedly to obtain preferred rat chow performed additional work when given methylphenidate, dextroamphetamine, and phenylpiracetam. Rats administered 100mg/kg phenylpiracetam performed, on average, 375% more work than rats given placebo, and consumed little non-preferred rat chow. In comparison, rats administered 1mg/kg dextroamphetamine or 10mg/kg methylphenidate performed, on average, 150% and 170% more work respectively, and consumed half as much non-preferred rat chow.

Present data show that (R)-phenylpiracetam increases motivation, i.e., the work load, which animals are willing to perform to obtain more rewarding food. At the same time consumption of freely available normal food does not increase. Generally this indicates that (R)-phenylpiracetam increase motivation [...] The effect of (R)-phenylpiracetam is much stronger than that of methylphenidate and amphetamine.

Pharmacokinetics The pharmacokinetics of phenylpiracetam in humans are unpublished. In any case, the drug is described as having an oral bioavailability of approximately 100%, as having an onset of action of less than 1hour, as not being metabolized, as being excreted unchanged about 40% in urine and 60% in bile and sweat, and as having an elimination half-life of 3 to 5hours. In rodents, its absorption occurs within 1hour with oral administration or intramuscular injection and its elimination half-life is 2.5 to 3hours.

Interactions

Substance	Status	Note
Atropa belladonna	Dangerous	Extreme cardiovascular strain from anticholinergic and stimulant effects combined
Datura	Dangerous	Extreme cardiovascular strain from anticholinergic and stimulant effects combined
Diphenhydramine	Dangerous	Extreme cardiovascular strain from anticholinergic and stimulant effects combined
Harmala alkaloid	Dangerous	Risk of hypertensive crisis and serotonin syndrome; potentially fatal combination
MAOI	Dangerous	Risk of hypertensive crisis and serotonin syndrome; potentially fatal combination
Myristicin	Dangerous	Extreme cardiovascular strain from anticholinergic and stimulant effects combined
Peganum harmala	Dangerous	Risk of hypertensive crisis and serotonin syndrome; potentially fatal combination
1,3-Butanediol	Caution	Increases anxiety, cardiovascular stress, and psychological intensity
1,4-Butanediol	Caution	Masks the effects of each drug; risk of overdosing when one wears off before the other
1B-LSD	Caution	Increases anxiety, cardiovascular stress, and psychological intensity
1cP-AL-LAD	Caution	Increases anxiety, cardiovascular stress, and psychological intensity
1cP-LSD	Caution	Increases anxiety, cardiovascular stress, and psychological intensity
1cP-MiPLA	Caution	Increases anxiety, cardiovascular stress, and psychological intensity
1P-ETH-LAD	Caution	Increases anxiety, cardiovascular stress, and psychological intensity
1P-LSD	Caution	Increases anxiety, cardiovascular stress, and psychological intensity
1V-LSD	Caution	Increases anxiety, cardiovascular stress, and psychological intensity
2-Aminoindane	Caution	Increased cardiovascular strain and neurotoxicity risk
2-FA	Caution	Increased cardiovascular strain and neurotoxicity risk
2-FEA	Caution	Increased cardiovascular strain and neurotoxicity risk
2-FMA	Caution	Increased cardiovascular strain and neurotoxicity risk
2,5-DMA	Caution	Increased cardiovascular strain and neurotoxicity risk
25B-NBOH	Caution	Increases anxiety, cardiovascular stress, and psychological intensity
25B-NBOMe	Caution	Increases anxiety, cardiovascular stress, and psychological intensity
25C-NBOH	Caution	Increases anxiety, cardiovascular stress, and psychological intensity
25C-NBOMe	Caution	Increases anxiety, cardiovascular stress, and psychological intensity
25D-NBOMe	Caution	Increases anxiety, cardiovascular stress, and psychological intensity
25E-NBOH	Caution	Increases anxiety, cardiovascular stress, and psychological intensity
25I-NBOH	Caution	Increases anxiety, cardiovascular stress, and psychological intensity
25I-NBOMe	Caution	Increases anxiety, cardiovascular stress, and psychological intensity
25N-NBOMe	Caution	Increases anxiety, cardiovascular stress, and psychological intensity
2C-B	Caution	Increases anxiety, cardiovascular stress, and psychological intensity
2C-B-FLY	Caution	Increases anxiety, cardiovascular stress, and psychological intensity
2C-C	Caution	Increases anxiety, cardiovascular stress, and psychological intensity
2C-D	Caution	Increases anxiety, cardiovascular stress, and psychological intensity
2C-E	Caution	Increases anxiety, cardiovascular stress, and psychological intensity
2C-H	Caution	Increased cardiovascular strain and neurotoxicity risk
2C-I	Caution	Increases anxiety, cardiovascular stress, and psychological intensity
2C-P	Caution	Increases anxiety, cardiovascular stress, and psychological intensity
2C-T	Caution	Increases anxiety, cardiovascular stress, and psychological intensity
2C-T-2	Caution	Increases anxiety, cardiovascular stress, and psychological intensity
2C-T-21	Caution	Increases anxiety, cardiovascular stress, and psychological intensity
2C-T-7	Caution	Increases anxiety, cardiovascular stress, and psychological intensity
2M2B	Caution	Masks the effects of each drug; risk of overdosing when one wears off before the other
3-FA	Caution	Increased cardiovascular strain and neurotoxicity risk
3-FEA	Caution	Increased cardiovascular strain and neurotoxicity risk
3-FMA	Caution	Increased cardiovascular strain and neurotoxicity risk
3-FPM	Caution	Increased cardiovascular strain and neurotoxicity risk
3-MMC	Caution	Increased cardiovascular strain and neurotoxicity risk
3,4-CTMP	Caution	Increased cardiovascular strain and neurotoxicity risk
3C-E	Caution	Increases anxiety, cardiovascular stress, and psychological intensity
3C-P	Caution	Increases anxiety, cardiovascular stress, and psychological intensity
4-AcO-DET	Caution	Increases anxiety, cardiovascular stress, and psychological intensity
4-AcO-DiPT	Caution	Increases anxiety, cardiovascular stress, and psychological intensity
4-AcO-DMT	Caution	Increases anxiety, cardiovascular stress, and psychological intensity
4-AcO-MET	Caution	Increases anxiety, cardiovascular stress, and psychological intensity
4-AcO-MiPT	Caution	Increases anxiety, cardiovascular stress, and psychological intensity
4-FA	Caution	Increased cardiovascular strain and neurotoxicity risk
4-FMA	Caution	Increased cardiovascular strain and neurotoxicity risk
4-HO-DET	Caution	Increases anxiety, cardiovascular stress, and psychological intensity
4-HO-DiPT	Caution	Increases anxiety, cardiovascular stress, and psychological intensity
4-HO-DPT	Caution	Increases anxiety, cardiovascular stress, and psychological intensity
4-HO-EPT	Caution	Increases anxiety, cardiovascular stress, and psychological intensity
4-HO-MET	Caution	Increases anxiety, cardiovascular stress, and psychological intensity
4-HO-MiPT	Caution	Increases anxiety, cardiovascular stress, and psychological intensity
4-HO-MPT	Caution	Increases anxiety, cardiovascular stress, and psychological intensity
4-MMC	Caution	Increased cardiovascular strain and neurotoxicity risk
4F-EPH	Caution	Increased cardiovascular strain and neurotoxicity risk
4F-MPH	Caution	Increased cardiovascular strain and neurotoxicity risk
5-APB	Caution	Increased cardiovascular strain and neurotoxicity risk
5-MeO-DALT	Caution	Increases anxiety, cardiovascular stress, and psychological intensity
5-MeO-DiBF	Caution	Increases anxiety, cardiovascular stress, and psychological intensity
5-MeO-DiPT	Caution	Increases anxiety, cardiovascular stress, and psychological intensity
5-MeO-DMT	Caution	Increases anxiety, cardiovascular stress, and psychological intensity
5-MeO-MiPT	Caution	Increases anxiety, cardiovascular stress, and psychological intensity
6-APB	Caution	Increases anxiety, cardiovascular stress, and psychological intensity
6-APDB	Caution	Increased cardiovascular strain and neurotoxicity risk
8-Chlorotheophylline	Caution	Increased cardiovascular strain and neurotoxicity risk
A-PHP	Caution	Increased cardiovascular strain and neurotoxicity risk
A-PVP	Caution	Increased cardiovascular strain and neurotoxicity risk
Acetylfentanyl	Caution	Stimulants mask opioid sedation, increasing overdose risk when the stimulant wears off
Adrafinil	Caution	Increased cardiovascular strain and neurotoxicity risk
AL-LAD	Caution	Increases anxiety, cardiovascular stress, and psychological intensity
Alcohol	Caution	Masks the effects of each drug; risk of overdosing when one wears off before the other
ALD-52	Caution	Increases anxiety, cardiovascular stress, and psychological intensity
Allylescaline	Caution	Increases anxiety, cardiovascular stress, and psychological intensity
Alprazolam	Caution	Masks the effects of each drug; risk of overdosing when one wears off before the other
Amphetamine	Caution	Increased cardiovascular strain and neurotoxicity risk
Armodafinil	Caution	Increased cardiovascular strain and neurotoxicity risk
Ayahuasca	Caution	Increases anxiety, cardiovascular stress, and psychological intensity
Baclofen	Caution	Masks the effects of each drug; risk of overdosing when one wears off before the other
Benzodiazepines	Caution	Masks the effects of each drug; risk of overdosing when one wears off before the other
Benzydamine	Caution	Increased cardiovascular strain and neurotoxicity risk
Bromantane	Caution	Increased cardiovascular strain and neurotoxicity risk
Bromo-DragonFLY	Caution	Increases anxiety, cardiovascular stress, and psychological intensity
Bufotenin	Caution	Increases anxiety, cardiovascular stress, and psychological intensity
Buprenorphine	Caution	Stimulants mask opioid sedation, increasing overdose risk when the stimulant wears off
Butylone	Caution	Increased cardiovascular strain and neurotoxicity risk
Caffeine	Caution	Increased cardiovascular strain and neurotoxicity risk
Cake	Caution	Masks the effects of each drug; risk of overdosing when one wears off before the other
Carisoprodol	Caution	Masks the effects of each drug; risk of overdosing when one wears off before the other
Clonazepam	Caution	Masks the effects of each drug; risk of overdosing when one wears off before the other
Clonazolam	Caution	Masks the effects of each drug; risk of overdosing when one wears off before the other
Clonidine	Caution	Masks the effects of each drug; risk of overdosing when one wears off before the other
Cocaine	Caution	Increased cardiovascular strain and neurotoxicity risk
Codeine	Caution	Stimulants mask opioid sedation, increasing overdose risk when the stimulant wears off
Cyclazodone	Caution	Increased cardiovascular strain and neurotoxicity risk
Deschloroetizolam	Caution	Masks the effects of each drug; risk of overdosing when one wears off before the other
Desomorphine	Caution	Stimulants mask opioid sedation, increasing overdose risk when the stimulant wears off
Desoxypipradrol	Caution	Increased cardiovascular strain and neurotoxicity risk
DET	Caution	Increases anxiety, cardiovascular stress, and psychological intensity
Dextroamphetamine	Caution	Increased cardiovascular strain and neurotoxicity risk
Dextropropoxyphene	Caution	Stimulants mask opioid sedation, increasing overdose risk when the stimulant wears off
Diazepam	Caution	Masks the effects of each drug; risk of overdosing when one wears off before the other
Dichloropane	Caution	Increased cardiovascular strain and neurotoxicity risk
Diclazepam	Caution	Masks the effects of each drug; risk of overdosing when one wears off before the other
Dihydrocodeine	Caution	Stimulants mask opioid sedation, increasing overdose risk when the stimulant wears off
DiPT	Caution	Increases anxiety, cardiovascular stress, and psychological intensity
DMT	Caution	Increases anxiety, cardiovascular stress, and psychological intensity
DOB	Caution	Increases anxiety, cardiovascular stress, and psychological intensity
DOC	Caution	Increases anxiety, cardiovascular stress, and psychological intensity
DOI	Caution	Increases anxiety, cardiovascular stress, and psychological intensity
DOM	Caution	Increases anxiety, cardiovascular stress, and psychological intensity
DPT	Caution	Increases anxiety, cardiovascular stress, and psychological intensity
Efavirenz	Caution	Increases anxiety, cardiovascular stress, and psychological intensity
Ephedrine	Caution	Increased cardiovascular strain and neurotoxicity risk
Ephylone	Caution	Increased cardiovascular strain and neurotoxicity risk
EPT	Caution	Increases anxiety, cardiovascular stress, and psychological intensity
Escaline	Caution	Increases anxiety, cardiovascular stress, and psychological intensity
Eszopiclone	Caution	Masks the effects of each drug; risk of overdosing when one wears off before the other
ETH-CAT	Caution	Increased cardiovascular strain and neurotoxicity risk
ETH-LAD	Caution	Increases anxiety, cardiovascular stress, and psychological intensity
Ethylmorphine	Caution	Stimulants mask opioid sedation, increasing overdose risk when the stimulant wears off
Ethylone	Caution	Increased cardiovascular strain and neurotoxicity risk
Ethylphenidate	Caution	Increased cardiovascular strain and neurotoxicity risk
Etizolam	Caution	Masks the effects of each drug; risk of overdosing when one wears off before the other
F-Phenibut	Caution	Masks the effects of each drug; risk of overdosing when one wears off before the other
Fenethylline	Caution	Increased cardiovascular strain and neurotoxicity risk
Fentanyl	Caution	Stimulants mask opioid sedation, increasing overdose risk when the stimulant wears off
Flualprazolam	Caution	Masks the effects of each drug; risk of overdosing when one wears off before the other
Flubromazepam	Caution	Masks the effects of each drug; risk of overdosing when one wears off before the other
Flubromazolam	Caution	Masks the effects of each drug; risk of overdosing when one wears off before the other
Flunitrazepam	Caution	Masks the effects of each drug; risk of overdosing when one wears off before the other
Flunitrazolam	Caution	Masks the effects of each drug; risk of overdosing when one wears off before the other
Gabapentin	Caution	Masks the effects of each drug; risk of overdosing when one wears off before the other
Gaboxadol	Caution	Masks the effects of each drug; risk of overdosing when one wears off before the other
GBL	Caution	Masks the effects of each drug; risk of overdosing when one wears off before the other
GHB	Caution	Masks the effects of each drug; risk of overdosing when one wears off before the other
Grayanotoxin	Caution	Masks the effects of each drug; risk of overdosing when one wears off before the other
Heroin	Caution	Stimulants mask opioid sedation, increasing overdose risk when the stimulant wears off
Hexedrone	Caution	Increased cardiovascular strain and neurotoxicity risk
Hydrocodone	Caution	Stimulants mask opioid sedation, increasing overdose risk when the stimulant wears off
Hydromorphone	Caution	Stimulants mask opioid sedation, increasing overdose risk when the stimulant wears off
Ibogaine	Caution	Increases anxiety, cardiovascular stress, and psychological intensity
Isopropylphenidate	Caution	Increased cardiovascular strain and neurotoxicity risk
Kratom	Caution	Increased cardiovascular strain and neurotoxicity risk
LAE-32	Caution	Increases anxiety, cardiovascular stress, and psychological intensity
Lisdexamfetamine	Caution	Increased cardiovascular strain and neurotoxicity risk
Lorazepam	Caution	Masks the effects of each drug; risk of overdosing when one wears off before the other
LSA	Caution	Increases anxiety, cardiovascular stress, and psychological intensity
LSD	Caution	Increases anxiety, cardiovascular stress, and psychological intensity
LSM-775	Caution	Increases anxiety, cardiovascular stress, and psychological intensity
LSZ	Caution	Increases anxiety, cardiovascular stress, and psychological intensity
MCPP	Caution	Increased cardiovascular strain and neurotoxicity risk
MDA	Caution	Increased cardiovascular strain and neurotoxicity risk
MDMA	Caution	Increased cardiovascular strain and neurotoxicity risk
MDPV	Caution	Increased cardiovascular strain and neurotoxicity risk
Mephedrone	Caution	Increased cardiovascular strain and neurotoxicity risk
Mephenaqualone	Caution	Masks the effects of each drug; risk of overdosing when one wears off before the other
Mescaline	Caution	Increases anxiety, cardiovascular stress, and psychological intensity
MET	Caution	Increases anxiety, cardiovascular stress, and psychological intensity
Methadone	Caution	Stimulants mask opioid sedation, increasing overdose risk when the stimulant wears off
Methallylescaline	Caution	Increases anxiety, cardiovascular stress, and psychological intensity
Methamphetamine	Caution	Increased cardiovascular strain and neurotoxicity risk
Methaqualone	Caution	Masks the effects of each drug; risk of overdosing when one wears off before the other
Methcathinone	Caution	Increased cardiovascular strain and neurotoxicity risk
Methiopropamine	Caution	Increased cardiovascular strain and neurotoxicity risk
Methylnaphthidate	Caution	Increased cardiovascular strain and neurotoxicity risk
Methylone	Caution	Increased cardiovascular strain and neurotoxicity risk
Methylphenidate	Caution	Increased cardiovascular strain and neurotoxicity risk
Metizolam	Caution	Masks the effects of each drug; risk of overdosing when one wears off before the other
Mexedrone	Caution	Increased cardiovascular strain and neurotoxicity risk
Midazolam	Caution	Masks the effects of each drug; risk of overdosing when one wears off before the other
MiPLA	Caution	Increases anxiety, cardiovascular stress, and psychological intensity
MiPT	Caution	Increases anxiety, cardiovascular stress, and psychological intensity
Mirtazapine	Caution	Masks the effects of each drug; risk of overdosing when one wears off before the other
Modafinil	Caution	Increased cardiovascular strain and neurotoxicity risk
Morphine	Caution	Stimulants mask opioid sedation, increasing overdose risk when the stimulant wears off
MPT	Caution	Increases anxiety, cardiovascular stress, and psychological intensity
N-Ethylhexedrone	Caution	Increased cardiovascular strain and neurotoxicity risk
N-Methylbisfluoromodafinil	Caution	Increased cardiovascular strain and neurotoxicity risk
Naloxone	Caution	Stimulants mask opioid sedation, increasing overdose risk when the stimulant wears off
NEP	Caution	Increased cardiovascular strain and neurotoxicity risk
Nicotine	Caution	Increased cardiovascular strain and neurotoxicity risk
Nifoxipam	Caution	Masks the effects of each drug; risk of overdosing when one wears off before the other
NM-2-AI	Caution	Increased cardiovascular strain and neurotoxicity risk
O-Desmethyltramadol	Caution	Stimulants mask opioid sedation, increasing overdose risk when the stimulant wears off
Oxiracetam	Caution	Increased cardiovascular strain and neurotoxicity risk
Oxycodone	Caution	Stimulants mask opioid sedation, increasing overdose risk when the stimulant wears off
Oxymorphone	Caution	Stimulants mask opioid sedation, increasing overdose risk when the stimulant wears off
PARGY-LAD	Caution	Increases anxiety, cardiovascular stress, and psychological intensity
Pentedrone	Caution	Increased cardiovascular strain and neurotoxicity risk
Pentobarbital	Caution	Masks the effects of each drug; risk of overdosing when one wears off before the other
Pethidine	Caution	Stimulants mask opioid sedation, increasing overdose risk when the stimulant wears off
Phenobarbital	Caution	Masks the effects of each drug; risk of overdosing when one wears off before the other
PRO-LAD	Caution	Increases anxiety, cardiovascular stress, and psychological intensity
Psilocybin Mushrooms	Caution	Increases anxiety, cardiovascular stress, and psychological intensity
Rhodiola Rosea	Caution	Increased cardiovascular strain and neurotoxicity risk
SAMe	Caution	Masks the effects of each drug; risk of overdosing when one wears off before the other

Toxicity & Safety

Phenylpiracetam carries significant toxicity risks, particularly with chronic use or high doses. Stimulant toxicity primarily affects the cardiovascular and nervous systems.

Cardiovascular toxicity: Stimulants increase heart rate, blood pressure, and cardiac workload. This can precipitate arrhythmias, myocardial infarction, aortic dissection, or stroke, particularly in individuals with pre-existing cardiovascular conditions or at very high doses.Neurotoxicity: Chronic stimulant use can damage dopaminergic and serotonergic neurons. The extent of neurotoxicity depends on the specific compound, dose, frequency, and route of administration. Some stimulant-induced neurotoxic changes may be partially reversible with prolonged abstinence.Psychiatric effects: High-dose or chronic stimulant use is associated with stimulant psychosis (paranoia, hallucinations), anxiety disorders, and depression during withdrawal. Sleep deprivation from stimulant use compounds these psychiatric risks.Dependence potential: Phenylpiracetam carries meaningful addiction potential due to dopaminergic reward pathway activation. Tolerance develops to euphoric effects, often leading to dose escalation. Withdrawal primarily involves fatigue, depression, anhedonia, and hypersomnia.Other risks: Bruxism and dental damage, weight loss and malnutrition from appetite suppression, hyperthermia (especially with physical activity), and route-specific damage (nasal septum from insufflation, injection site infections).

It is strongly recommended that one use harm reduction practices when using this substance.

Addiction Potential

non-addictive with a low potential for abuse

Overdose Information

LD50) of phenylpiracetam has not been officially published as it has low abuse potential, but is not known to be harmful when exceeding the recommended dosage range. -non-addictive with a low potential for abuse. It does not seem to be capable of causing psychological dependence among users, although this fact has not been corroborated by clinical studies.develops with prolonged and repeated use. This results in users having to administer increasingly large doses to achieve the same effects. After that,3 - 71 - 2 weeks to be back at baseline (in the absence of further consumption). Phenylpiracetam may presents cross-tolerance with Cross-all racetam nootropics, meaning that after the consumption of phenylpiracetam certain nootropics such as aniracetam and piracetam may have a reduced effect.

Phenylpiracetam, being a member of the racetam family, currently is legally available to buy and sell in most countries, but may still vary by region.

United Kingdom** - It is illegal to produce, supply, or import this drug under the Psychoactive Substance Act, which came into effect on May 26th, 2016.
Responsible use
Pramiracetam
Oxiracetam
Nootropic
Stimulant
Piracetam
Racetam
Phenylpiracetam (Wikipedia)
Phenylpiracetam (Isomer Design)
Phenylpiracetam (Examine)

Full	develops with prolonged and repeated use
Half	3 - 7 days
Zero	1 - 2 weeks

Phenylpiracetam

Quick Dosage

Dosage

oral

Duration

oral

How It Feels

Subjective Effects

Physical Effects

Physical(6)

Tactile(1)

Cognitive & Perceptual Effects

Visual(1)

Cognitive(14)

Pharmacology

Interactions

History

Harm Reduction

Toxicity & Safety

Addiction Potential

Overdose Information

Dangerous Interactions

Tolerance

Cross-tolerances

Legal Status

Experience Reports (3)

Tips (8)

Community Discussions (9)

See Also

References (5)

Frequently Asked Questions

Auditory(1)